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oil and thread on canvas inscribed lower left on a strip of black leather, in gold lettering: Broyeuse de chocolat 1914 The dry perspective geometry of the chocolate grinder was an early example of collage technique-- achieved by gluing thread directly onto the surface of the canvas. From 1913 on I concentrated all of my activities on the planning of the Large Glass and made a study of every detail, like this oil painting which is called Chocolate Grinder, 1914. It was actually suggested by a chocolate grinding machine I saw in the window of a confectionery shop in Rouen. Through the introduction of straight perspective and a very geometrical design of a definite grinding machine like this one, I felt definitely out of the cubist straightjacket. The lines of the three rollers are made of threads sewn into the canvas. The general effect is like an architectural, dry rendering of the chocolate grinding machine purified of all past influences. It was to be placed in the center of a large composition and was to be copied and transferred from this canvas onto the Large Glass. -From Schwarz, Arturo, 1924- The complete works of Marcel Duchamp /Arturo Schwarz. New York : Delano Greenidge Eds., c1997. page 606full view